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CHAPTER- 4 Getting To Know Plants
NOTES
1. Shrubs: These are small in size and have soft stems.
- Examples: Wheat, grass, mint, etc.
2. Bushes: These are medium-sized plants. In bushes, branches emerge just a little above the ground.
- Examples: Coriander, rose, etc.
3. Trees: These are large plants with trunks, branches, leaves, flowers, and fruits.
- Examples: Mango, neem, etc.
4. Creeping Plants: Some plants have weak stems and cannot stand upright. Such plants spread across the ground and are called creeping plants.
- Examples: Watermelon, pumpkin, etc.
5. Climbing Plants: Plants with weak stems that climb upward using support are called climbing plants.
- Examples: Grapevine, money plant, etc.
6. Structure of a Plant-
Stem: The stem bears leaves, branches, buds, fruits, and flowers.
It transports water and dissolved minerals upward.
Leaf: The part of the leaf that connects it to the stem is called the petiole.
- The flat green part of the leaf is called the lamina.
- The linear structures inside the leaf are called veins, with a thicker midrib running through the center.
- The pattern of veins on the leaf surface is called venation. If the veins form a network on either side of the midrib, it is called reticulate venation. If the veins run parallel to each other, it is called parallel venation.
7. Transpiration: The process of water droplets converting into vapor is called transpiration.
8. Photosynthesis: Leaves prepare food in the presence of sunlight and a green pigment. In this process, they use water and carbon dioxide. This process is known as photosynthesis, during which oxygen is released.
9. Root: Roots grow beneath the soil and are of two types:
- Taproot: Plants with a single main root, from which smaller lateral roots grow, have taproots.
- Fibrous Root: Plants without a main root, where all roots appear similar, have fibrous roots.
- Roots absorb water and minerals from the soil and transport them to the stem, which then carries them to the leaves and other parts of the plant. Leaves synthesize food, which is distributed to various plant parts.
- Some roots, like those of carrots and radishes, are edible.
10. Flower: Flowers are the reproductive structures found in plants, also referred to as angiosperms. The biological function of a flower is to facilitate the union of male sperm and female ovule.
Calyx: The outermost part of a flower that protects its inner parts during the bud stage. It is usually green.
Carpel: The central part of a flower is called the carpel.
Ovary: This is the swollen lower part of the carpel. It is studied by cutting it open.
Ovules: Small spherical structures within the ovary are called ovules.
Stamen: The pollen-producing part of a flower typically consists of a slender filament supporting an anther.
Anther: The part of the stamen where pollen is produced.
EXERCISE
- It bears fruits, flowers, and leaves.
- The stem transports water and minerals from the roots to the upper parts of the plant.
- It carries the food prepared in the leaves to other parts of the plant.